References

By the Author

Bryner P. Pain drawings: An evaluation of scoring criteria by chiropractors. Chiropr J Aust 1993, 23:127-31.
Bryner P. Tenderness distribution: a pilot study. J Chiropr Technique 1994a; 6:37-43.
Bryner P. Extent measurement in localised low-back pain: a comparison of four methods. Pain 1994b; 59:281-5..
Bryner P. Unilateral back pain: a case series of quadratus lumborum involvement. J Chiropractic Technique 1996a; 8:70-7.
Bryner P. Analysis of low back pain drawings: a critique. Top Clin Chiro 1996b; 3:26-31.
Bryner P, Baxter AJ, Sherwood BF. Thoracic paraspinal tenderness in chronic pain sufferers. J Aust Chiropractors' Assoc 1989; 19:132-6.
Bryner P, Staerker P. Indigestion and heartburn: Prevalence in persons seeking care from chiropractors. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1996; 19:317-23.
Whittingham W, Bryner P, English R. Adjustments for the relief of chronic headaches. [Poster] Chiropractors Association of Australia Annual National Conference, Adelaide 1994.

Reliability and Validity

Cummings GS, Routan JL. Accuracy of the unassisted pain drawings by patients with chronic pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1987; 8:391-6.
Love A, Leboeuf C, Crisp TC. Chiropractic chronic low back pain sufferers and self-report assessment methods. Part 1. A reliability study of the visual analog scale, the pain drawing and the McGill pain questionnaire. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1989; 12:21-5.
Mann NH, Brown MD. Artificial intelligence in the diagnosis of low back pain. Orthop Clin North America 1991; 22:303-14.
Mann NH, Brown MD, Enger I. Statistical diagnosis of lumbar spine disorders using computerised patient pain drawings. Comput Biol Med 1991; 21:383-97.
Mann NH, Brown MD, Enger I. Expert performance in low-back disorder recognition using patient pain drawings. J Spinal Disorders 1992; 5:254-9.
Mann NH, Brown MD, Hertz DB ,Enger I, Tompkins J. Initial-impression diagnosis using low-back pain patient pain drawings. Spine 1993; 18:41-53.
Margolis RB, Tait RC, Krause SJ. A rating system for use with patient pain drawings. Pain 1986;24:57-65.
Margolis RB, Chibnall JT, Tait RC. Test-retest reliability of the pain drawing instrument. Pain 1988; 33:49-51.
North RB, Nigrin DJ, Fowler KR, Szmanski RE, Piantadosi S. Automated 'pain drawing' analysis by computer-controlled, patient-interactive neurological stimulation system. Pain 1992; 50:51-7.
Öhlund C, Eek C, Palmblad S, Areskoug B, Nachemson A. Quantified pain drawings in subacute low back pain: validation in a nonselected outpatient industrial sample. Spine 1996; 21:1021-31.
Ohnaus EE, Adler R. Methodological problems in the measurement of pain: a comparison between the verbal rating scale and the visual analog scale. Pain 1975; 1:379-84.
Ohnmeiss DD, Vanharanta H, Guyer RD. The association between pain drawings and computed tomographic/discographic pain responses. Spine 1995, 20:729-33.
Perrson L, Moritz U. Pain drawing: a quantitative and qualitative model for pain assessment in cervicobrachial pain syndrome. Pain Clinic 1994; 7:13-22.
Schwartz DP, DeGood DE. Global appropriateness of pain drawings: blind ratings predict patterns of psychological distress and litigation status. Pain 1984; 19:383-8.
Ryden O, Lindal E, Uden A, Hansson SB. Differentiation of back pain patients using a pain questionnaire. Scand J Rehab Med 1985; 17:155-61.
Scott J, Huskisson EC. Graphic representation of pain. Pain 1976; 2:175-84.
Toomey TC, Gover VF, Jones BN. Spatial distribution of pain: a descriptive characteristic of chronic pain. Pain 1983; 17:289-300.
Toomey TC, Gover VF, Jones BN. Site of pain: relationship to measures of pain description, behaviour and personality. Pain 1984; 19:389-97.
Uden A, Landin LA. Pain drawing and myelography in sciatic pain. Clin Orthop 1987; 216:124-30.
Uden A, Astrom M, Bergenudd H. Pain drawings in chronic back pain. Spine 1988; 13:389-92.

Psychological factors and depression

Almay BGL. Clinical characteristics of patients with idiopathic pain syndromes. Depressive symptomatology and patient pain drawings. Pain 1987; 29:335-46.
Chan CW, Goldman S, Ilstrup DM, Kunselman AR, O'Neill PI. The pain drawing and Waddell's nonorganic physical signs in chronic low-back pain. Spine 1993; 18: 1717-22.
Dennis MD, Rocchio PO, Wiltse LL. The topographic pain representation and its correlation with MMPI scores. Orthopedics 1981; 5:432-4.
Gatchel RJ, Mayer TG, Capra P, Diamond P, Barnett J. Quantification of lumbar function: Part 6: The use of psychological measures in guiding physical function restoration. Spine 1986; 4:36-42.
Ginzburg BM, Merskey H, Lau CL. The relationship between pain drawings and the psychological state. Pain 1988; 35:141-6.
Greenough CG; Fraser RD. Comparison of eight psychometric instruments in unselected patients with back pain. Spine 1991; 16: 1068-74.
Halliday JL. The psychological approach to rheumatism. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 1937; 31:167-75.
Hayes B, Solyom CAE, Wing PC, Berkowitz J. Use of psychometric measures and nonorganic signs testing in detecting nomogenic disorders in low back pain patients. Spine 1993; 18:1254-62.
Hildebrandt J, Franz CE, Choroba-Mehnen B, Temme M. The use of pain drawings in screening for psychological involvement in complaints of low-back pain. Spine 1988; 13:681-5.
Lindal E, Uden A. Cognitive differentiation, back pain and psychogenic pain drawings. Perceptual and Motor Skills 1988; 67:835-45.
Lindal E. Cognitive differentiation, back pain, and psychogenic pain drawings. Perceptual and Motor Skills 1988; 67:835-45.
Lindal E, Uden A. Why do people seek medical advice for back pain? A comparison of consulters and nonconsulters. Clin J Pain 1989; 5:351-8.
Mooney V, Cairns D, Robertson J. A system for evaluating and treating chronic back disability. West J Med 1976; 124:370-6.
Palmer H. Pain charts: a description of a technique whereby functional pain may be diagnosed from organic pain. New Zealand Med J 1949; 48:187-213.
Parker H, Wood PL, Main CJ. The use of pain drawings as a screening measure to predict psychological distress in chronic low back pain. Spine 1995; 20:236-43.
Ransford AO, Cairns D, Mooney V. The pain drawing as an aid to the psychologic evaluation of patients with low back pain. Spine 1976; 1:127-34.
Von Baeyer CL, Bergstrom KJ, Brodwin MG, Brodwin SK. Invalid use of pain drawings in psychological screening of back patients. Pain 1983; 16:103-7.
Waddell G, Main CJ, Morris EW, Venner RM, Rae PS, Sharney SH, Galloway H. Normality and reliability in the clinical assessment of backache. BMJ 1982; 284:1519-23.
Waddell G. A new clinical model for the treatment of low-back pain. Spine 1987; 12:632-9.
Waddell G, Richardson J. Observation of overt pain behaviour by physicians during routine clinical examination of patients with low back pain. J Psychosomatic Res 1992; 36: 77-87.
Watkins RG, O'Brien JP, Draugelis R, Jones D. Comparison of preoperative and postoperative MMPI data in chronic back patients. Spine 1986; 11:385-90.

Patterns - Somatic or Spinal Sources

Aprill C, Dwyer A, Bogduk N. Cervical zygapophyseal joint pain patterns II: a clinical evaluation. Spine 1990; 15:458-61.
Brendler J. The human cervical myotomes: functional anatomy studied at operation. J Neurosurg 1968; 28:105.
Dreyfuss P, Michaelsen M, Fletcher D. Atlanto-occipital and lateral atlanto-axial joint pain patterns. Spine 1994b; 19:1125-31.
Dreyfuss P, Tibiletti C, Dreyer SJ. Thoracic zygapophyseal joint pain patterns: a study in normal volunteers. Spine 1994c; 19:807-11.
Dwyer A, Aprill C, Bogduk N. Cervical zygapophyseal joint pain patterns I: a study in normal volunteers. Spine 1990; 15:453-7.
Fairbank JCT, Park WM, McCall IW, O’Brien JP. Apophyseal injection of local anesthetic as a diagnostic aid in primary low-back pain syndromes. Spine 1981; 6:598-605.
Fairbank JCT, O'Brien JP. The iliac crest syndrome: a treatable cause of low-back pain. Spine 1983; 8:220-4.
Feinstein B, Langton JNK, Jameson RM, Schiller F. Experiments on pain referred from deep somatic tissue. J Bone Joint Surg 1954; 36-A:981-97.
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Fortin JD, Aprill CN, Ponthieux B, Pier J. Sacroiliac joint: pain referral maps upon applying a new injection/arthrography technique. Part II: Clinical evaluation. Spine 1994b; 19:1483-9.
Gunn CC, Milbrandt WE. Early and subtle signs in low-back sprain. Spine 1978; 3:267-81.
Helbig T, Lee CK. The lumbar facet syndrome. Spine 1988; 13:61-4.
Ingpen ML, Burry HC. A lumbosacral strain syndrome. Ann Phys Med 1970; 10:270-4.
Inman VT, Saunders JB. Referred pain from skeletal structures. J Nervous Mental Disease 1944;99:660-4.
Kellgren JH. A preliminary account of referred pains arising from muscle. BMJ 1938; 1:325.
Kellgren JH. Observations on referred pain arising from muscle. Clinical Science 1938; 3:175-90.
Kuslich SD, Ulstrom CL, Michael CJ. The tissue origin of low back pain and sciatica: a report of pain response to tissue stimulation during operations on the lumber spine using local anesthesia. Orthop Clin 1991; 22:181-7.
Lau LSW, Littlejohn GO, Miller MH. Clinical evaluation of intra-articular injection for lumbar facet joint pain. Med J Aust 1985; 143:563-5.
Lewis T. Suggestions relating to the study of somatic pain. BMJ 1938; 1:321-5.
Lippitt AB. The facet joint and its role in spine pain: management with facet joint injection. Spine 1984; 9:746-50.
Ljunggren AE. Descriptions of pain and other sensory modalities in patients with lumbago-sciatica and herniated intervertebral disc. Interview administration of an adapted McGill pain questionnaire. Pain 1983; 16:265-76.
Maigne J, Maigne R. Triggerpoint of the posterior iliac crest: painful iliolumbar ligament insertion or cutaneous dorsal ramus pain? An anatomic study. Arch Phys Med Rehab 1991; 72:734-7.
Marks R. Distribution of pain provoked from lumbar facet joints and related structures during diagnostic spinal infiltration. Pain 1989; 39:37-40.
McCall IW, Park WM, O’Brien JP. Induced pain referral from posterior lumbar elements in normal subjects. Spine 1979; 4:441-6.
McCulloch JA, Waddell G. Variation of the lumbosacral myotomes with body segmental anomalies. J Bone Joint Surg 1980; 62-B:475-80.
McGregor M, Cassidy JD. Post-surgical sacroiliac joint syndrome. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1983; 6:-12.
Mechanic D, Angel RJ. Some factors associated with the report and evaluation of back pain. J Health Social Behav 1987; 28:131-9.
Mooney V, Robertson J. The facet syndrome. Clin Orthop 1976; 115:149-56.
Moran R, O’Connell D, Walsh MG. The diagnostic value of facet joint injections. Spine 1988; 13:1407-10.
Nichols FT, Mawad M, Mohr JP. Headache during balloon inflation in the vertebral arteries and basilar arteries. Headache 1993; 33:87-9.
Nitta H, Tajima T, Sugiyama H, Moriyama A. Study on dermatomes by means of selective lumbar spinal nerve block. Spine 1993; 18:1782-86.
Schwarzer AC, Derby R, Aprill CN, Fortin J, Kine G, Bogduk N. The value of the provocation response in lumbar zygapophyseal joint injections. Clin J Pain 1994; 10:309-13.
Schwarzer AC, Wang S, O’Driscoll D, Harrington T, Bogduk N, Laurent R. The ability of computer tomography to identify a painful zygapophysial joint in patients with chronic low back pain. Spine 1995; 20:907-912.
Quintner JL, Cohen ML. Referred pain of peripheral nerve origin: an alternative to the “myofascial pain” construct. Clin J Pain 1994; 10:243-251.
Thornburn W. The sensory distribution of spinal nerves. Brain 1893; 16:355-74.
Revel ME, Listrat VM, Chevalier XJ, Dougados M, N'guyen MP, Vallee C, Wybier M, Gires F, Amor B. Facet joint block for low back pain: identifying predictors of a good response. Arch Phys Med Rehab 1992; 73:824-8.
Simons DG, Travell JG. Myofascial origins of low back pain. Postgrad Med 1983; 73:81-108.
Sorensen LV, Mors O. A two-year prospective follow-up study of the outcome after surgery in patients with slipped lumbar disk operated on for the first time. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1989; 96:94-9.
Tilscher H, Hanna M. Causes of poor results of surgery in low back pain. J Manual Medicine 1990; 5:110-4.
Travell J. Referred pain from skeletal muscle. New York State Med J 1955; (Feb): 331-40.
Travell JG. Congress abstract: the quadratus lumborum muscle: an overlooked cause of low back pain. Arch Phys Med Rehab 1976; 57:566.
Travell J, Rinzler SH. The myofascial genesis of pain. Postgraduate Medicine 1952; (May): 425-34.
Travell JG, Simons DG. Myofascial pain and dysfunction. Volume 1. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1983.
Travell JG, Simons DG. Myofascial pain and dysfunction. Volume 2. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1992.
Travell J, Travell W. Therapy of low back pain by manipulation and referred pain in the lower extremity by procaine infiltration. Arch Phys Med 1946; 27:537-47.
Young, A, Getty J, Jackson A, Kirwan E, Sullivan M, Parry CW. Variations in the pattern of muscle innervation by the L5 and S1 nerve roots. Spine 1983; 6:616-24.

Patterns - Visceral Sources

Decina PA, Vallee D, Mierau D. Acute pancreatitis presenting as back pain: a case report. J Canadian Chiropractors Assoc 1992; 36:75-83.
Benhamou CL, Roux C, Tourliere D, Gervais T, Viala JF, Amor B. Pseudovisceral pain referred from costovertebral arthropathies: twenty-eight cases. Spine 1993; 18;790-5.
Grainger SL, Klass HJ, Rake MO, Williams JG. The prevalence of dyspepsia: the epidemiology of overlapping syndromes. Postgrad Med J 1994; 70:154-61.
Head H. On disturbances of sensation with especial reference to the pain of visceral disease. Brain 1893; 16:104-34.
Jackson SB. Gastroesophageal reflux disease. Top Clin Chiro 1995; 2:24-9.
Janig W. Neuronal mechanisms of pain with special emphasis on visceral and deep somatic pain. Acta Neurochirurgica 1987, 38 (Suppl): 16-32.
Jones RH, Lydeard SE Hobbs FD. Dyspepsia in England and Scotland. Gut 1990; 31:401-5.
Lewis T, Kellgren JH. Observations relating to referred pain, visceromotor reflexes and other associated phenomena. Clinical Science 1939; 4:47-71.
Mackenzie J. Some points bearing on the association of sensory disorders and visceral disease. Brain 1893; 16:320-54.
Murtagh J. Acute chest pain. Aust Fam Physician 1992: 21:151-6.
Murtagh J. Acute abdominal pain a diagnostic approach. Aust Fam Physician 1994; 23:358-74.
Nansel D, Szlazak M. Somatic dysfunction and the phenomenon of visceral disease simulation: a probable explanation for the apparent effectiveness of somatic therapy in patients presumed to be suffering from true visceral disease. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1995; 18:379-97.
Ness TJ, Gebhart GF. Visceral pain: a review of experimental studies. Pain 1990; 41:167-234.

Area Assessment - Body Surface Area and Area Estimation

Armstrong LE, De Luca JP, Christensen EL, Hubbard RW. Mass-to-surface area index in a large cohort. Am J Phys Anthropol 1990; 83:321-9.
Boot JC, Naftel AJ, Ramli AR. Bodymap: an image processing system for measurement of body surface profiles encountered in skin expansion surgery. Int J Biomed Comput 1992; 31:189-204.
Colangelo PM, Welch DW, Rich DS, Jeffrey LP. Two methods for estimating BSA in adult amputees. Am J Hosp Pharm 1984; 41:2650-5.
Dubois D, Dubois EF. The measurement of the surface area of man. A.M.A. Arch Int Med 1915; 15:868-81.
Fuller FW, Mansour EH, Engler PE, Shuster B. The use of planimetry for calculating the surface area of a burn wound. J Burn Care Rehab 1985; 6:47-9.
Griffin JW, Tolley EA, Tooms RE, Reyes RA, Clifft JK. A comparison of photographic and transparency-based methods for measuring wound surface area. Phys Ther 1993; 73: 117-22.
Kyogoku S, Hirohata T, Takeshita S, Nomura Y, Shigematsu T, Horie A. Survival of breast-cancer patients and body size indicators. Int J Cancer 1990; 46:824-31.
Lindal E, Bergmann S, Thorlacius S, Stefánsson. The localization of pain in chronic fatigue syndrome on a pain drawing according to grid areas. Perceptual and Motor Skills 1996; 83:508-10.
Murray DM, Burmaster DE. Estimated distributions for total BSA of men and women in the United States. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 1992; 2:451-61.
Nichter BS, Bryant CA, Edlich RF. Efficacy of burned surface area estimates calculated from charts - the need for a computer-based model. J Trauma 1985; 25:477-80.
Ogunranti JO. Surface area in healthy Nigerian children and adults: a height formula compared with Dubois and other formulae. Trop Geogr Med 1990; 42:269-73.
Ramsay B, Lawrence CM. Measurement of involved surface area in patients with psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1991; 124:565-70.
Scott-Conner CE, Clarke KM, Conner HF. Burn area measurement by computerised planimetry. J Trauma 1988; 28:638-41.
Upadhye MR, Maibach HI. Influence of area of application of allergen on sensitisation in contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 1992; 27:281-6.
Wang Y, Moss J, Thisted R. Predictors of body surface area. J Clin Anaesthesia 1992; 4:4-10.
Zabat-Zinn J. Assessment of body image in chronic pain patients: The body parts problem assessment scale. In: Melzack R.(ed.) Pain measurement and assessment. New York: Raven Press 1983; 227-31.